K. Anderson, Globalisation effects on world agricultural trade 1960-2050. A review, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B, vol.365, pp.3007-3021, 1554.

L. M. Arregui and M. Quemada, Strategies to improve nitrogen-use efficiency in winter cereal crops under rainfed Mediterranean conditions, Agron. J, vol.100, pp.277-284, 2008.

D. B. Beegle, K. A. Kelling, and M. A. Schmitt, Nitrogen from animal manures, Nitrogen in Agricultural Soils. Agronomy Monograph No. 49, pp.823-881, 2008.

B. L. Bodirsky and C. Müller, Robust relationship between yields and nitrogen inputs indicates three ways to reduce nitrogen pollution, Environ. Res. Lett, vol.9, p.111005, 2014.

S. Case, M. Oelofse, Y. Hou, O. Oenema, and L. S. Jensen, Farmer perceptions and use of organic waste products as fertilisers -a survey study of potential benefits and barriers, Agric. Syst, vol.151, pp.84-95, 2017.

C. Cederberg and A. Flysjö, Environmental Assessment of Future Pig Farming Systems-quantification of Three Scenarios From the FOOD21 Synthesis Work. The Swedish Institute for Food and Biotechnology, vol.39, p.pp, 2004.

C. A. De-klein, R. M. Monaghan, M. Alfaro, C. J. Gourley, O. Oenema et al., Nitrogen performance indicators for dairy production systems, Soil Res, vol.55, issue.6, pp.479-488, 2017.

C. T. De-wit, Resource use efficiency in agriculture, Agric. Syst, vol.40, pp.125-151, 1992.

,

A. Dobermann, Nutrient use efficiency -measurement and management. In: Fertilizer best management practices. General principles, strategy for their adoption and voluntary initiatives vs regulations, IFA International Workshop on Fertilizer Best Management Practices, pp.1-28, 2007.

, EMEP, 2019.

, Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) -an Indicator for the Utilization of Nitrogen in Agriculture and Food Systems, EUNEP, 2015.

, Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) -Guidance Document for Assessing NUE at Farm Level, EUNEP

. Eurostat, Nutrients Budgets -Methodology and Handbook. Version 1.02. Eurostat and OECD, 2013.

N. K. Fageria and V. C. Baligar, Enhancing nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants, Adv. Agron, vol.88, pp.88004-88010, 2005.

. Fao, Innovation in Family Farming. The State of Food and Agriculture, 2014.

P. Fixen, F. Brentrup, T. Bruulsema, F. Garcia, R. Norton et al., Nutrient/ fertilizer use efficiency: measurement, current situation and trends, International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI), and International Potash Institute (IPI), vol.8, pp.8-38, 2015.

D. Fowler, M. Coyle, U. Skiba, M. A. Sutton, J. N. Cape et al., The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B, vol.368, p.1621, 2013.

J. N. Galloway, A. R. Townsend, J. W. Erisman, M. Bekunda, Z. Cai et al., Transformation of the nitrogen cycle: recent trends, questions, and potential solutions, Science, vol.320, issue.5878, pp.889-892, 2008.

A. Gattinger, A. Muller, M. Haeni, C. Skinner, A. Fliessbach et al., Enhanced top soil carbon stocks under organic farming, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.109, pp.18226-18231, 2012.

H. C. Godfray, J. R. Beddington, I. R. Crute, L. Haddad, D. Lawrence et al., Food Security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people, Science, vol.327, issue.5967, pp.812-818, 2010.

O. Godinot, M. Carof, F. Vertes, and P. Leterme, SyNE: an improved indicator to assess nitrogen efficiency of farming systems, Agric. Syst, vol.127, pp.41-52, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01209218

O. Godinot, P. Leterme, F. Vertès, P. Faverdin, and M. Carof, Relative nitrogen efficiency, a new indicator to assess crop livestock farming systems, Agron. Sustain. Dev, vol.35, pp.857-868, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02042733

O. Godinot, P. Leterme, F. Vertès, and M. Carof, Indicators to evaluate agricultural nitrogen efficiency of the 27 member states of the European Union, Ecol. Indic, vol.66, pp.612-622, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02042743

C. J. Gourley, S. R. Aarons, and J. M. Powell, Nitrogen use efficiency and manure management in contrasting dairy production systems, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ, vol.147, pp.73-81, 2012.

S. C. Jarvis, E. A. Stockdale, M. A. Shepherd, and D. S. Powlson, Nitrogen mineralization in temperate agricultural soils: processes and measurement, Adv. Agron, vol.57, pp.60925-60931, 1996.

C. Kirkby, J. Kirkegaard, A. Richardson, L. Wade, C. Blanchard et al., Stable soil organic matter: a comparison of C: N: P: S ratios in Australian and other world soils, Geoderma, vol.163, pp.197-208, 2011.

J. K. Ladha, H. Pathak, T. J. Krupnik, J. Six, and C. Van-kessel, Efficiency of Fertilizer Nitrogen in Cereal Production: Retrospects and Prospects, Adv. Agron, vol.87, pp.85-156, 2005.

B. Lasa, M. Quemada, S. Frechilla, J. Muro, C. Lamsfus et al., Effect of digested sewage sludge on the efficiency of N-fertilizer applied to barley, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst, vol.48, pp.241-246, 1997.

L. Lassaletta, G. Billen, B. Grizzetti, J. Anglade, and J. Garnier, 50 year trends in nitrogen use efficiency of world cropping systems: the relationship between yield and nitrogen input to cropland, Environ. Res. Lett, vol.9, issue.10, p.105011, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01194829

L. Lassaletta, G. Billen, J. Garnier, L. Bouwman, E. Velazquez et al., Nitrogen use in the global food system: past trends and future trajectories of agronomic performance, pollution, trade, and dietary demand, Environ. Res. Lett, vol.11, p.95007, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01398060

L. Lassaletta, F. Estellés, A. H. Beusen, L. Bouwman, S. Calvet et al., Future global pig production systems according to the shared Socioeconomic Pathways, Sci. Total Environ, vol.665, pp.739-751, 2019.

J. Liu, L. You, M. Amini, M. Obersteiner, M. Herrero et al., A high-resolution assessment on global nitrogen flows in cropland, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, vol.107, pp.8035-8040, 2010.

É. Maillard and D. A. Angers, Animal manure application and soil organic carbon stocks: a meta-analysis, Glob. Change Biol, vol.20, pp.666-679, 2014.

G. Mcelwee, Farmers as entrepreneurs: developing competitive skills, J. Dev. Entrep, vol.11, issue.03, pp.187-206, 2006.

E. L. Mclellan, K. G. Cassman, A. J. Eagle, P. B. Woodbury, S. Sela et al., The nitrogen balancing act: tracking the environmental performance of food production, BioScience, vol.68, issue.3, pp.194-203, 2018.

J. M. Mogollón, L. Lassaletta, A. H. Beusen, H. J. Grinsven, . Van et al., Assessing future reactive nitrogen inputs into global croplands based on the shared socioeconomic pathways, Environ. Res. Lett, vol.13, p.44008, 2018.

A. Mosier, R. Wassmann, L. Verchot, J. King, and C. Palm, Methane and nitrogen oxide fluxes in tropical agricultural soils: sources, sinks and mechanisms, Environ. Dev. Sustain, vol.6, pp.11-49, 2004.

A. R. Mosier, A. D. Halvorson, C. A. Reule, and X. J. Liu, Net global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity in irrigated cropping systems in northeastern Colorado, J. Environ. Qual, vol.35, pp.1584-1598, 2006.

A. R. Mosier, J. K. Syers, and . Freney, Agriculture and the Nitrogen Cycle. Assessing the Impacts of Fertilizer Use on Food Production and the Environment, SCOPE Series, issue.65, 2013.

N. D. Mueller, J. S. Gerber, M. Johnston, D. K. Ray, N. Ramankutty et al., Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water management, Nature, vol.490, issue.7419, pp.254-257, 2012.

F. Nevens, I. Verbruggen, D. Reheul, and G. Hofman, Farm gate nitrogen surpluses and nitrogen use efficiency of specialized dairy farms in Flanders: evolution and future goals, Agric. Syst, vol.88, issue.2-3, pp.142-155, 2005.

, Agri-environmental indicators. OECD Compendium of Agri-environmental Indicators, 2013.

O. Oenema, H. P. Witzke, Z. Klimont, J. P. Lesschen, and G. L. Velthof, Integrated assessment of promising measures to decrease nitrogen losses from agriculture in EU-27, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ, vol.133, issue.3-4, pp.280-288, 2009.

J. Oenema, M. Van-ittersum, and H. Van-keulen, Improving nitrogen management on grassland on commercial pilot dairy farms in the Netherlands, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ, vol.162, pp.116-126, 2012.

H. J. Poffenbarger, D. W. Barker, M. J. Helmers, F. E. Miguez, D. C. Olk et al., Maximum soil organic carbon storage in Midwest US cropping systems when crops are optimally nitrogen-fertilized, PLoS One, vol.12, issue.3, 2017.

J. M. Powell, C. J. Gourley, C. A. Rotz, and D. M. Weaver, Nitrogen use efficiency: a potential performance indicator and policy tool for dairy farms, Environ. Sci. Policy, vol.13, issue.3, pp.217-228, 2010.

M. Quemada and J. L. Gabriel, Approaches for increasing nitrogen and water use efficiency simultaneously, Glob. Food Secur, vol.9, pp.29-35, 2016.

M. Quemada, B. Lasa, C. Lamsfus, and P. M. Aparicio-tejo, Ammonia volatilization from surface and incorporated biosolids by the addition of dicyandiamide, J. Eviron. Qual, vol.27, pp.980-983, 1998.

. R-core-team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2018.

J. J. Schröder, H. F. Aarts, H. F. Ten-berge, H. Van-keulen, and J. J. Neeteson, An evaluation of whole-farm nitrogen balances and related indices for efficient nitrogen use, Eur. J. Agron, vol.20, issue.1-2, pp.70-74, 2003.

W. Steffen, K. Richardson, J. Rockström, S. E. Cornell, I. Fetzer et al., Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet, Science, vol.347, issue.6223, p.1259855, 2015.

H. Steinfeld, P. Gerber, T. D. Wassenaar, V. Castel, M. Rosales et al., Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options. Food and Agriculture Organization, 2006.

M. A. Sutton, A. Bleeker, C. M. Howard, M. Bekunda, B. Grizzetti et al., Our nutrient world: the challenge to produce more food and energy with less pollution. Global Overview of Nutrient Management, 2013.

A. Uwizeye, P. J. Gerber, R. P. Schulte, and I. J. De-boer, A comprehensive framework to assess the sustainability of nutrient use in global livestock supply chains, J. Clean. Prod, vol.129, pp.647-658, 2016.

J. W. Van-groenigen, G. L. Velthof, O. Oenema, K. J. Van-groenigen, and C. Van-kessel, Towards an agronomic assessment of N2O emissions: a case study for arable crops, Eur. J. Soil Sci, vol.61, pp.903-913, 2010.

E. C. Webb and L. J. Erasmus, The effect of production system and management practices on the quality of meat products from ruminant livestock, S. Afr. J. Anim. Sci, vol.43, pp.413-423, 2013.

D. C. Whitehead, Nutrient Elements in Grassland: Soil-plant-animal Relationships, 2000.

J. Willems, H. J. Van-grinsven, B. H. Jacobsen, T. Jensen, T. Dalgaard et al., Why Danish pig farms have far more land and pigs than Dutch farms? Implications for feed supply, manure recycling and production costs, Agric. Syst, vol.144, pp.122-132, 2016.

X. Zhang, E. A. Davidson, D. L. Mauzerall, T. D. Searchinger, P. Dumas et al., Managing nitrogen for sustainable development, Nature, vol.528, issue.7580, pp.51-59, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01262089